Our PhD/MPhil Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes programme enables you to undertake a research project that will improve understanding of Endocrinology and Diabetes. Endocrinology is the study of hormones: chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by specialised cells from particular tissues and organs. Every cell in the body is under hormonal regulation. Hormone action can also be autocrine (the same cell) or paracrine (neighbouring cells) making growth factors and many cytokines part of endocrinology. The goal for clinical endocrinology is to improve care for patients with disorders of the hormone-secreting organs or defective hormone action on target cells. Diabetes is defined by a failure to control circulating glucose levels within set limits due to inadequate amounts and/or action of the hormone insulin. Insulin is secreted from the beta-cells of the pancreatic islets and regulates much of the body's metabolism, not just glucose levels. Cellular damage due to long-term diabetes affects many organs and tissues including the eyes, kidneys, nerves and the heart. Because of this complexity and importance, diabetes has grown into its own specialty alongside endocrinology. Our principal investigator-led research spans discovery science in the laboratory translated through to internationally-funded clinical trials and innovative new treatment strategies, such as islet transplantation.