Physics and astronomy - Subject Guide

There are many ways to approach the understanding of the universe, so physics and astronomy encompasses a large range of specialisations, allowing students to focus on many different areas of interest. Some specialisations include: 

• Particle physics: Particle physics explores the fundamental building blocks of matter and their interactions at the smallest scales. It investigates subatomic particles such as quarks, leptons, and bosons, seeking to understand the nature of forces, particles, and the fundamental laws governing the universe. 

• Optics and photonics: The properties and behaviour of light and its interaction with matter is a central topic in many physics modules. From lenses and mirrors to lasers and fibre optics, this field explores the many phenomena of light for applications in communication, imaging, and technology. 

• Astrophysics: From stars and galaxies to black holes and the cosmos, astrophysics explores the structure and dynamics of the universe, applying principles of physics to understand the origin of celestial bodies, cosmic phenomena, and the nature of space-time. 

• Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics is one of the most fundamental scientific theories, examining the principles governing heat, energy, and entropy in physical systems. Phenomena such as heat transfer, phase transitions, and the behaviour of gases, liquids, and solids are covered in this topic. 

• Electromagnetism: Electromagnetism includes phenomena such as electromagnetic waves, induction, and the behaviour of charged particles in fields. The subject explores the relationship between electric and magnetic fields and their effects on charged particles and matter.  

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• Classical mechanics 

• Electromagnetism 

• Thermodynamics  

• Quantum physics 

• Astrophysics 

• Relativity 

• Nuclear science 

• Geophysics 

• Solid state physics 

While studying physics, you’ll start off studying lots of different areas simultaneously, and at some point, it all starts to come together as you get further into the course, giving you a highly connected understanding of the world. You’ll learn in lecture halls, classroom, and laboratory environments, and will learn to apply mathematical and experimental techniques to solve complex problems. 

You’ll pick up a range of transferable skills too, which can be widely applied to other areas of work and study, making physics a high-value degree which can lead to a range of career pathways. These skills include: 

• Advanced numerical skills 

• Problem solving  

• Independent working  

• Laboratory skills 

• Data analysis 

While you won’t need specific accreditation beyond your degree to apply your physics education professionally, some physics programs in the UK are accredited by professional bodies such as the Institute of Physics (IOP). This may give you certain requirements towards applying for Chartered Physicist status (CPhys). 

If you're interested in STEM subjects, particularly those involving maths and applied maths, then there are several degree courses which you might consider that are similar to physics, sharing a significant amount of course content but perhaps with a greater focus on the things you’re most interested in. These can include: 

• Natural sciences 

• Maths 

• Mechanical engineering 

• Computer science 

• Electrical engineering 

• Civil engineering 

A degree in physics and astronomy is a very versatile qualification, which allows you to pursue further education in physics, building up from a Master’s degree to a PhD or research course that further allows you to conduct research into some of the most fascinating and complex phenomena in the universe.

You’ll have opportunities to work in research, academia, industry, and government. Graduates pursue careers in a variety of fields besides pure physics itself, and this may include healthcare, engineering, business and finance, technology, and computer programming. 

Some jobs that you can pursue after studying physics: 

• Academic researcher 

• Physicist 

• Teacher 

• Meteorologist 

• Astronomer 

• Sound engineer 

• Nanotechnologist 

• Medical physicist 

• Data analyst 

These are just a few of the most common job roles. You'll find plenty of other options available to you, and you can also continue your studies by completing a postgraduate degree in physics and astronomy or a related subject. 

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